Pembagian Nisbah Akad Mudharabah pada UMKM: Analisis Fiqh Mu’amalah di Desa Bajuran Bondowoso
Keywords:
mudaharabah, nisbah, UMKM, Fiqih Muamalah, Hukum Ekonomi SyariahAbstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis praktik pembagian nisbah dalam akad mudharabah pada usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM) di Desa Bajuran, Kecamatan Cermee, Kabupaten Bondowoso, ditinjau dari perspektif hukum ekonomi syariah. Fokus penelitian diarahkan pada kesesuaian penentuan nisbah serta mekanisme penanggungan kerugian antara shahibul mal dan mudharib dengan prinsip fiqh mu’amalah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis empiris dengan metode kualitatif, melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi lapangan, dan dokumentasi terhadap pelaku UMKM serta pemilik modal yang menerapkan akad mudharabah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembagian nisbah pada umumnya ditentukan berdasarkan kesepakatan awal para pihak. Namun, dalam praktiknya masih ditemukan ketidaksesuaian dengan prinsip syariah, khususnya dalam hal pembebanan kerugian usaha. Kerugian yang terjadi akibat faktor eksternal, seperti penurunan jumlah konsumen, dalam beberapa kasus tetap dibebankan kepada mudharib, meskipun tidak ditemukan unsur kelalaian (tafrith) maupun pelanggaran (ta‘addi). Praktik tersebut bertentangan dengan prinsip dasar akad mudharabah yang menegaskan bahwa kerugian finansial menjadi tanggungan shahibul mal selama mudharib menjalankan amanah sesuai kesepakatan. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya pemahaman yang komprehensif terhadap prinsip keadilan, amanah, dan pembagian risiko dalam akad mudharabah pada tingkat UMKM. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan edukasi dan pendampingan berkelanjutan agar praktik pembagian nisbah dapat dilaksanakan sesuai dengan ketentuan fiqh mu’amalah dan hukum ekonomi syariah.
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